https://www.healthdisgroup.us/journals/open-journal-of-pediatrics-and-child-health A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 05 Dec, 2025 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-10-160.php Background: Motor intelligence encompasses locomotor abilities, object-control skills, visuomotor coordination, and executive components of movement planning. Although several international instruments exist, such as the TGMD, BOT-2, and MABC-2, no standardized, simple, and culturally adapted tool is currently available for the Italian context. In this preliminary study, 480 children aged 3 to 10 years, recruited from six sport disciplines, were evaluated using a newly developed motor intelligence battery. Raw scores were converted into age-specific Standard Points (SP) and subsequently transformed into normative percentiles using a proportional scaling formula. Preliminary normative tables for locomotion, object-control, and global motor intelligence were generated, showing patterns consistent with known developmental trajectories. The proposed battery represents a promising instrument for assessing motor intelligence in Italian children. Future studies will expand the sample and examine reliability and validity metrics more extensively. Methods: A total of 480 children aged 3–10 years were assessed across six sport disciplines (soccer, karate, swimming, gymnastics, basketball, athletics). Raw scores obtained in the tests were converted into Standard Points (SP) using age-specific tables and subsequently transformed into normative percentiles. Results: Preliminary raw-to-SP and SP-to-percentile tables were constructed. Score distributions were coherent with known patterns of motor development. Conclusion: The proposed battery represents a new tool for assessing motor intelligence in the Italian pediatric population. Future studies will expand the sample and further examine statistical reliability. 22 Apr, 2025 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-10-159.php Temporary Loss of Consciousness (TLOC) commonly known as Fainting or Syncope is a heterogeneous syndrome with complex underlying mechanisms, with a broad spectrum of presentation, even in pediatric clinics in Developing countries including India. The objective of this article is to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and structured follow-up in resource limited setting for the primary health care providers. It is a common clinical complaint that a pediatrician or general practitioner in Rural India encounters in the outpatient clinic or as an emergency case. The cause-based classification of syncope include i) Autonomic syncope is the commonest which is usually benign ii) Cardiovascular syncope can potentially be life threatening, therefore, it is important to recognize and refer such cases to a specialist in a timely manner iii) Neurological Syncope -is possible to identify the in most patients with a detailed history & physical examination. In India the diagnosis of TLOC begins with history taking, its interpretation, & investigations to rule out diseases like Seizures that require differentiation from syncope. Training clinicians to interpret patient history effectively during clinical postings during students and Internship life and later practicing them in the routine practice are the main facilitators that can bridge the diagnostic gap between experts and nonexperts. The most frequent source of error is a clinician’s misconception rather than an inaccurate account of patient symptoms. Some clinicians have several diagnostic pitfalls while evaluating patient’s history, which is guided by his/her understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical clues. Another challenge is patients’ use of colloquial terms by the patients/parents which confuse an urban grown clinician, in earlier few weeks or months of each regional posting/working of exposure to local dialect, which leads to poor communication between doctors and patients. Electrocardiogram (ECG) is the only investigation possible in primary health care settings, though 2D Echocardiogram and Electroencephalogram are important tools for the early diagnosis and treatment of cardiac and neurological etiology of syncope. Materials and methods: This article is an outcome of seeing hundreds of Pediatric Syncope cases, managing or referring and following the referred cases on their return and monitoring the prognosis over the last decade, and quoting anecdotal cases supported by literature research about the varied presentations, diagnostic procedure and management practices both by general practitioners and specialist as per the cause of the Syncope. 16 Sep, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-158.php Background: The number of people exposed to extreme heat is growing exponentially due to climate change worldwide. Heat-related mortality for people over 65 years of age and young children has increased by 85% between 2000–2004 and 2017–2021. World Meteorological Organization announced that there’s an 80% chance that the world will exceed the 1.5 °C temperature limit in at least one of the next 5 years. Aim: To review the impact of extremes of climate changes on Children’s health based on cases managed and reported in media. Methods: Material & Methods: This article is a review of the impact of extremes of heat & Cold weather on children, based on personal handling of cases and media reports of the adverse effects of heat this summer, exercising /punishing children in hot and cold weather. Key findings: Most children experience increased thirst, weakness, headache, dizziness or fainting, muscle cramps, nausea and/or vomiting, irritability, prickly heat & heavy sweating. Dehydration in children is more than just being thirsty, as it is a condition where there isn’t enough fluid in the body because children lose more water than they take in. High heat stress also reduces physical work capacity and motor-cognitive performances, with consequences for school attendance for children. The cold weather itself doesn’t cause illness, but it weakens the immune system, making it a lot harder for the child to fight off infections. Conclusion: Temperatures above long-term averages during summer months and heatwaves are associated with cardiorespiratory and other diseases and mental health issues. Very young children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of heat, irrespective of income level or geographical region. Most heat-related mortality and morbidities are preventable with individual efforts like avoidance of exposure, improved community preparedness, and Public Health Advisory. 04 Jun, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-157.php Introduction: Molluscum Contagiosum (MC), a common viral skin infection affects mostly children, is caused by Molluscipoxvirus. MC is characterized by flesh-colored, round, dome-shaped, umbilicated bumps. Pediatricians are often the first to diagnose MC. Objective: To examine US pediatrician’s MC treatment management using claims data. Methods: Syneos used the Compile Claims database to collect all medical and pharmacy claims for pediatric patients diagnosed with molluscum (ICD10 Code B081) in 2019-2020. Pediatric patients with a Molluscum (B081) claim from a pediatrician practice were calculated along with patients prescribed a prescription by the same pediatrician within 30 days of a molluscum claim. Practitioners were categorized as “wait and see,” “treater” or “referrer.” Frequency data were captured. Results: From 2019-2020, 260,788 molluscum patients ≤ 19 years were diagnosed by 56,026 healthcare providers. Pediatricians were responsible for a majority of molluscum diagnoses: 72% of patients (187,228) diagnosed by 35,017 pediatricians. Most pediatricians initially managed MC with a “wait and see” approach (91%). If a “wait and see” pediatrician initiated treatment, half managed by prescription, whereas “treaters” used in-office procedures (81%) and prescriptions (23%). Mupirocin (45%) and triamcinolone (23%) were preferred prescriptions. Conclusion: Mupirocin and triamcinolone were likely used to treat signs of inflammation indicative of MC resolution known as Beginning of the End (BOTE) sign. Neither are FDA approved for MC nor antiviral; mupirocin use without secondary bacterial infection may contribute to resistance. Newly approved MC indicated therapies should be considered and a better understanding of BOTE is essential to distinguish MC resolution from secondary infection. 16 May, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-156.php Molluscum contagiosum is a common, often persistent viral skin infection affecting children, and spread by infected individuals or objects. No molluscum management guidelines exist and only two FDA treatments have been approved in the last year, thus placing pediatricians in a clinical conundrum if molluscum treatment is warranted. When MC is particularly bothersome or persistent, parental anxiety may influence treatment. In-depth interviews with 25 pediatricians provided insight into the current MC treatment landscape and drivers of therapeutic intervention. This study reveals the important influence parental anxiety, patient characteristics, and parental involvement have on pediatrician’s molluscum management and treatment intervention practices. Professional society endorsed molluscum management guidelines and the use of safe and efficacious FDA-approved therapies would fill therapeutic gaps. 06 Apr, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-155.php Introduction: Family-Centered Care (FCC) in neonatal healthcare emphasizes collaborative efforts between medical staff and families. This approach, rooted in mutual respect and active family participation, aims to enhance infant care outcomes. However, understanding the underlying forces behind FCC interventions remains challenging due to the diverse methods employed in healthcare practices. Methods: We conducted a scoping review in June 2023. We searched Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), PubMed, and PsycINFO. Inclusion criteria encompassed English language studies on Family-centered care and related factors, without date or geographic restrictions. Results: Fifteen pertinent studies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified. Five pivotal components of modern FCC emerged: effective communication, active patient and family involvement, robust family support systems, organizational considerations, and the nurturing attitude of nurses. Discussion: Family-centered care emerges as a comprehensive healthcare approach focusing on the interdependence of patients, healthcare professionals, and families. By recognizing this interconnection, FCC seeks to ensure the satisfaction and well-being of all stakeholders. Implementing FCC strategies presents challenges, emphasizing the need for continuous exploration and refinement. Conclusion: Embracing family-centered care principles enriches patient-centered healthcare by involving families as active partners in the care process. Acknowledging the integral role of families enhances care quality and contributes to improved patient outcomes. Ongoing research and dialogue are essential for refining FCC models, ensuring successful implementation, and fostering patient-centered healthcare environments. 02 Apr, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-154.php A retrospective observational continuous cohort study includes an analysis of diseases that caused the onset of primary disability in 174 children of “SChCl No.3” and diseases that caused the onset of disability in 1690 children with disabilities in 2019-2021. A comparative analysis was carried out: the main dysfunctions in the state of health of children with disabilities and the leading limitations of life in the state of health of children with disabilities. (The control groups consisted of 231 children of “SChCl No.3” who received a disability for the first time and 1611 patients who were disabled in 2011-2018). 15 Mar, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-153.php Background: In premodern times, human diseases like Tuberculosis, Polio, Smallpox, and Diphtheria circulated widely, and caused substantial morbidity and mortality. The advent of antibiotics and vaccines in the past two decades, aided by medical advances, improved access to health care and improved sanitation have reduced the overall mortality and morbidity linked to infectious diseases, particularly of bacterial origins like lower respiratory tract infections and diarrhoeal diseases. Since 2020 entire world has been concerned with viral infections, with at least three out of- SARS-Cov-2, Dengue, Influenza, RSV, Hepatitis B, and Japanese encephalitis bothering every country. While in High-income countries three infectious diseases COVID-19, Influenza, and Dengue of viral origin are challenging public health in low and lower-middle-income countries in addition to three, Tuberculosis, enteric fevers, and other neglected tropical diseases add to public health challenges. Materials and methods: Available data on the internet from various sources from key countries, clinical manifestations, and complications, the management practices and epidemiology, and learnings of many preventive strategies and control efforts. The data sources used are WHO disease-wise releases from headquarters and Regional Offices, COVID 19 Wordometer, CDC Atlanta reports for US outbreaks, Europe the ECDC Communicable Disease Threats Reports (CDTR bulletin), NHM India, NCDC India, The National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China notification to WHO, for search keywords used were burden, outbreaks total cases, deaths, Incidence, Prevalence, etc. by each disease Results: The war against microbes started with the discovery of the antibiotic Penicillin in 1928, but their overuse has made many of them resistant to antibiotics. Since the beginning of the 20th century, Vaccines and antivirals have drastically reduced the number of cases of viral diseases such as polio, measles, chickenpox, the flu, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and others. The treatment of viral infections has proved more challenging than that of bacterial infections, primarily because viruses are relatively tiny, reproduce inside cells, and do not succumb to antibiotics. However, antiviral medications have become available for herpes simplex virus, HIV/AIDS, and influenza, their indiscriminate may lead to the development of drug-resistant viruses. Conclusion: The swift development of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine speaks to the efficacy of modern science in rapidly countering threats from emerging pathogens. In such situations, People must learn and use as many preventive strategies as possible. This article is a review of Viral diseases currently bothering all countries and reflecting the challenges of the decade to come. 10 Jan, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-9-152.php Introduction: Caustic ingestion is a rare event, most often accidental in children, which can lead to lesions of varying severity in the digestive tract. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical aspects and endoscopic findings of caustic ingestions. Methods: This is a retrospective, descriptive, and analytical bicentric study carried out at the Albert Royer Children’s Hospital and the Dalal Jamm Hospital in Dakar. Children who had ingested a caustic product and undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the period May 1, 2020, to July 31, 2023, were included. Lesions were classified according to the Zargar classification. Results: A total of 35 children (23 boys; 65.7%) were included. The mean age was 25,1 ± 19,03 months, with a predominance of the 12-23 months age group (53.13%). Bleach (55.88%) was the most ingested caustic, followed by soda (26.47%). Oral erythema (29%) and erosions (22.5%) were the main physical signs; most often in the case of soda ingestion (90%; p = 0.004). Esogastroduodenal endoscopy showed lesions in 37,14% of children classified as stage I (17,14%), stage IIa (14.29%), and stage III (5.71%). The presence of labial or oral lesions was not significantly associated with the occurrence of digestive lesions (p = 0.37). Conclusion: Caustic ingestion is an accidental event in children. Bleach was the most ingested caustic. Caustic lesions of the digestive tract were dominated by erythema and ulceration. 31 Oct, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-151.php Starting from the general concept of “Behavior and Conduct Disorder in Childhood”, the present review seeks to highlight the main predictive elements that, in preadolescent and adolescent age, can correlate with the symptomatological picture of distinctive disorders in deviant and criminal conduct. Early educational intervention, prevention in all its forms and the use of therapeutic corrective tools can encourage expected and expected behavioural improvement, especially in subjects who are still not adults and with a family and social environment that responds to corrective stimuli. Understanding such passages is functional from a strategic point of view, to prevent, educate, plan, intervene, and/or correct certain psychopathological inclinations, also from a socio-environmental, family, and personal perspective. 26 Sep, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-150.php With improvements in lifestyle and healthcare throughout the world, there has been an increasing incidence of obesity among adults and children. It is important that obesity and its adverse effects be recognized in childhood and measures be taken right from childhood to tackle the long-term outcomes of the same. We have studied the correlation of scores like Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and its relation with Insulin resistance in children. Which helps as a tool in early recognition of lifestyle diseases in children. It was seen that of a total of 50 children of which 40 children were obese (BMI greater than 95th centile) and 10 children were overweight (BMI greater than 85th centile), 43 children had insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR score (cut-off=2.5) and 7 were non-insulin resistant. From our study, it has been concluded that HOMA-IR has a strong correlation with BMI and can be used as a surrogate marker of Insulin resistance. 30 Aug, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-149.php The quality control of the provision of the State Service of passing the Medical and Social Examination (SS MSE) is carried out as part of the implementation of a set of measures to achieve the indicators of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation (RF) No. 601 (assessment of the level of satisfaction of citizens with the quality of state services). The purpose of the study was to determine the quality of the provision of SS MSE and possible reserves for its improvement. The analysis of 566 referrals for the passage of the SS MSE of a medical organization, submitted by official representatives of children - patients of the state budgetary healthcare institution of the Republic of Komi “Syktyvkar Children’s Clinic No. 3”, and a survey of official representatives of children who were diagnosed with disability, according to the questionnaire for assessing the level of satisfaction of citizens with the quality of the provision of SS MSE. Methods of analysis included: analytical and comparison. The following techniques were used for the analysis: grouping, absolute and relative values, average values, detailing, and generalization. The reliability of the results obtained was assessed by calculating the Student’s coefficients. The depth of the study was 3 years. Experts now have the opportunity to determine disability for children with severe persistent pathology not for 1 - 2 years, but for 10 - 15 years, in some cases, according to indications, and more, up to the age of 18. Some children and adolescents are permanently disabled. This significantly reduces the annual burden for patients to undergo examinations by medical specialists, and many clinical diagnostic and laboratory tests. At the same time, an annual examination by specialists of medical and social expertise to correct the individual rehabilitation/habilitation program of patients is not excluded. 21 Jun, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-148.php Objective: The definition of “hikikomori” evokes dysfunctional personality pictures already known in the literature and medical practice. The aim is to refute the hypothesis of the need to identify this clinical condition in a new descriptive framework. Materials and methods: Pubmed checklist, clinical interview, and psychometric tests. Results: In the entirety of the selected population, it emerges that the primary disorder is schizoid personality disorder; this is followed by depressive disorder, narcissistic covert disorder, bipolar disorder with depressive prevalence, obsessive disorder, avoidant disorder, and somatic disorder as secondary dysfunctional personality traits. Childhood and/or family trauma, capable of impacting the sexual and affective sphere, is present in almost the entire population. Conclusion: The syndrome should be framed as a specific phenomenon and not as a new psychopathological disorder, as the symptomatological descriptions are similar to the already known schizoid personality disorder; the symptomatological differences among patients should be framed according to a logic of correctives determined by the presence of one or more secondary psychopathological traits that draw a more complex personality picture than the simple nosographic diagnosis of the DSM-V. 13 Jun, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-147.php Many changes in routine dental care were implemented to protect dentists and patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatric dentists face unique challenges in dealing with parental fears and behavioral changes in pediatric patients. Despite the meticulous infection control protocols that dental offices have implemented during the pandemic, they experienced significant reductions in routine recall. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on parents seeking dental care for their children at the Temple Kornberg School of Dentistry (TUKSoD). Parents who currently have their children treated at the TUKSoD were invited to participate in a questionnaire. One hundred and six parents completed the survey anonymously on paper. The survey focused on parents’ attitude changes towards dental care for their children post-pandemic. Bivariate analysis followed by a Two-way ANOVA test was used to calculate the association between the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on parents of pediatric patients’ decision to seek dental care versus the age of the child. Our results showed that improved dental protocols increased the likelihood of parents bringing their children to the dentist during the COVID pandemic (p < 0.001). The results help pediatric dentists to build trust among their patients during the pandemic. It will also help policymakers understand the pediatric patients’ parents’ concerns and assess their current safety measures. Ultimately, this study will give practitioners more insight into how to handle outbreaks of new COVID-19 variants that may present in the future. 04 Apr, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-146.php Background: For over two decades we have been trying to study and demonstrate the role of the gut microbiota in the onset of cardiovascular, autoimmune, infectious and neurobiological diseases and more generally the clinical efficacy. Aims: To study the clinical efficacy of the integrative use of prebiotics and probiotics in the prenatal population. Materials and methods: All clinical trials and randomized controlled trials were selected through January 6, 2023, for a useful total of 32 studies and a cohort of more than 37,000 infants, of which just under half are term infants in the control groups. Results: In the neonatal literature, studies on the clinical use of prebiotics and probiotics focus on specific topics of investigation, starting from the intestinal microbial composition and then extending the object of analysis to the effects of antibiotics on the microbiota, to the biochemical integration of these products, the use of breast milk or artificial or donor milk, the alleged claim to intervene on pathological processes arising from opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract, and also in relation to autoimmune, gastrointestinal and dermatological pathologies, up to food intolerances. Conclusions: Significant evidence emerges in the literature that supports the therapeutic use for clinical purposes of prebiotics and probiotics even in neonatology; however, most of the published studies have structural and functional criticalities that often invalidate the research design and therefore the outcome obtained and published, risking to affect negatively the significance eventually detected. Further studies are needed that can confirm and expand scientific knowledge in this particular area. 15 Mar, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-145.php Pneumonia is the world’s leading infectious killer, claiming the lives of an estimated 2.5 million including more than 670,000 children under five years and 1.2 million adults in 2019 alone. Caused largely by viruses, and bacteria, COVID-19 also increased the pneumonia burden, while environmental factors, poor hygiene, sanitation and underlying conditions including malnutrition predispose. The latter translates into a considerable pneumonia burden that is preventable, provided the requisite provisions are made for community-level protection such as environmental management, water, sanitation and hygiene; and key persons are informed and educated on preventive and therapeutic measures, especially what to look for and what to do at home while seeking medical attention. Irked by the high numbers of under-five deaths against a background of limited case management caused by the system-wide collapse of the health services in the country, we sought to utilize the opportunity offered by world pneumonia day 2022 to go down to the community and elicit both the disease burden and strategies to address pneumonia that can be applied within the home and community. We also wanted to hear from the community their experiences with and functionality of the referral system. This paper presents the findings, challenges and suggestions for improving primary healthcare implementation to address the current high morbidity and mortality attributable to pneumonia. We found the Goromonzi community to be literate in many health issues but need more information and training to better manage pneumonia. They were knowledgeable about pneumonia, tuberculosis, and the recent COVID-19 through their interactions with the local clinic staff, the media, and interpersonal communication. Some were members of the health center committee or were village health workers or local leaders. We had limitations of resources and time for a detailed study, but conclude that the community visited had a sound understanding of health, primary health care and pneumonia, but lacked the comprehensive education and support to effectively manage pneumonia at home. More work needs to be done to quantify the pneumonia burden, the contribution of each intervention, (environment, vaccination, exclusive breastfeeding, safe water, sanitation, hand hygiene, reduced smoke and case management) the benefit of home and community management alongside an effective referral chain. 24 Jan, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-8-144.php A healthy Caucasian female neonate was born at 38 weeks and 3 days of gestation by elective cesarean delivery. She is the second child of a healthy mother, had a proper antenatal follow-up, and had no fetal anomalies in prenatal ultrasounds. 10 Nov, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-7-143.php Building on the concept of “Autism Spectrum Disorder”, as framed in the DSM-V, and taking up studies on the new etiological theory (PETA) focusing on the developmental model of the neurobiological matrix (PEMA) and related questionnaire (PTAS-Qa), in this research a new questionnaire is proposed that can focus on the presence or absence of 4 functional areas (interactional and movement, language, and communication, ideational and social, emotional and behavioral) and 25 type-deficit traits, grading the impairment according to a precise 5-level severity scale (PASSy). The new questionnaire (Perrotta Autism Spectrum Disorders Questionnaire for infants and young adolescents, PASD-Qy), is composed of 25 items, on a binary S/N scale and based on a total score of 10/10, for a population between 18 months and < 16 years, thus offering a structured view of the individual’s cognitive organization, avoiding diagnostic fragmentations that might be inconsistent with the nosographic framework. By exemplifying the category, it is then possible to more easily frame the patient, who would thus be analyzed from a strictly functional point of view, also facilitating the preparation of therapeutic interventions, according to models already known in the literature (e.g., ABA), exactly as for the questionnaire dedicated to late adolescents and adults. 01 Nov, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-7-142.php Objective: Pediatric Intensive Care (PICU) admission of children with bronchiolitis as well as the use of Non-Invasive Ventilation (NIV) are increasing. The current treatment for bronchiolitis is supportive, and there are no specific studies addressing this group of severe bronchiolitis patients supported with NIV. Intrapulmonary Percussive Ventilation (IPV) is a lung recruitment physical therapy technique used in our PICU to augment lung aeration and improve gas exchange. We hypothesized that IPV treatment can be used to improve the clinical course of infants on NIV support suffering from bronchiolitis. Design: A prospective, open, randomized study. Setting: Single-center Pediatric ICU Patients: Children less than 2 years old admitted to our PICU between November 2016 and April 2018 with a diagnosis of bronchiolitis who were prescribed noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as their sole respiratory treatment modality Interventions: Patients were randomly assigned to two intervention groups: IPV vs. control (standard treatment). Measurements and main results: Thirty-eight infants with bronchiolitis treated with NIV support were randomized into two groups. The probability of a superior outcome (less chance of invasive mechanical ventilation and fewer PICU days) was 62.7% (95% CI, 45%-77%, p = 0.18) in the IPV group compared to the control group. Among the IPV group, there were no failures that required intubation in comparison to three intubations (13.6%) among the control group (p = 0.24). For the IPV group, the PICU length of stay (LOS) was 4.13 ± 2.45 days, compared to 6.18 ± 4.72 for the inhalation group. This difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions: In this single-center study, the use of IPV had no adverse reactions. The study failed to show a statistically significant effect of IPV treatment on the course of hospitalization of patients with bronchiolitis on NIV support in the PICU. Trial registration: Clinical Trials.gov NCT03037801. 20 Oct, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-7-141.php Starting from the concept of “Autism Spectrum Disorder”, as framed in the DSM-V, the present research proposes a new etiological theory (PETA) focused on the evolutionary model of the neurobiological matrix, overcoming the modest or inconsistent psychodynamic or conspiracy theses present in the international scene. Based on this assumption, therefore, a new study model (PEMA) was suggested that can focus on the presence or absence of 9 dysfunctional traits (type-deficit and type-clinical features) centered on the areas of social, emotional, and cognitive-communication and interaction, grading the impairment according to a precise 5-level severity scale (PASS), underpinning the 40-item questionnaire (Perrotta Dysfunctional Traits of the Autistic Spectrum Questionnaire for the late teenage years and Adults, PTAS-Qa) on a binary Y/N scale and based on a total score of 11/11, thus offering a more structured view of the patient’s cognitive and psychological organization, avoiding diagnostic fragmentations that might be inconsistent with the nosographic picture and therefore not perfectly framed. By exemplifying the category, it is, therefore, possible to more easily frame the patient, who would thus be analyzed from a strictly functional point of view, also facilitating the therapeutic interventions to be prepared, according to models already known in the literature (e.g. ABA). 04 Oct, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-7-140.php The outgrowth and quick development in telecommunication technologies have opened new opportunities for diagnosing many diseases, which are life-threatening, for patients who are in rural areas and districts far away from the city, and where there are no specialists. Critical and life-threatening diseases, in which the patient cannot wait until going to a central hospital, or specialist, need to benefit from the advantages of telecommunication technologies to save the patient’s life. The segment of pediatric patients represents a significant number of patients and children represent the country’s present and bright future, so we must focus on the importance of diagnosing and treating their diseases early and on a time using the ways and means available to protect their lives from risks. Designing a tele-pediatric system for monitoring such cases can be vital and efficient in saving those babies’ lives and protecting them from significant risks of disability and even death that happen if their defects are not diagnosed and treated soon after birth. This project aimed to design a tele-pediatric system, using webpages at both transmitting and receiving sites and connected to a united database and then linked with the Sudan University of Science and Technology’s Network for testing its efficiency and effectiveness. If this project is applied; it will contribute to saving the baby’s life and raise the overall health care. 24 Mar, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-7-139.php Dysgraphia is defined as the difficulty in the production of written language. This study was carried out on 50 subjects aged 6-12 years who suffered from writing disabilities. This methodological study was designed to measure the possible breakdown mechanisms causing dysgraphia. A scale was created to cover most of the weak points in dysgraphia especially the fine motor and proprioceptive aspects. Reliability and validity of this scale were performed to allow its application. Findings were dealt with statistically and it was found that three types of dysgraphia have been known as Dyslexic, Motoric, and Spatial Dysgraphia. The scale diagnoses dysgraphia in an objective way and the severity of the condition can be determined in addition. This helps better understand the patients’ needs when a trainer designs the remediation program. 08 Oct, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-138.php Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of Physical Therapy Management among the toe walking children’s in Karachi Pakistan. Methodology: A cross sectional survey was conducted from June to October 2018 in Department of physiotherapy, Liaquat National medical college and hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. A self-fabricated questionnaire was used in 36 Toe walking children’s. The questionnaire consists of demographics (age and gender), evaluation of pain through visual analogue scale, range of motion through goniometer and cadence was measured .The statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23 was used to interpret the data. Result: The majority (n=24, 66.6%) were belongs to age group of 8 to 12 years and (n=25, 69.4%) were male. Mostly (n=25, 69.4%) were clinically diagnosed cases of cerebral palsy. After checking the involvement it was found that (n=21, 58.3%) were suffering from bilateral toe walking and (n=22, 61.1%) were affected from the day of their birth. Conclusion: The study finalized that the Physical Therapy is effective in decreasing the pain, increasing the range of motion and improving the number of steps among the toe walking children’s. 24 Aug, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-137.php Covid 19 pandemic has been showing disastrous effects across the world, since December 2019, affecting 220 countries, over 197 million cases and 4.2 million deaths by end July 2021, and huge economic loss, Political blame games and vaccine diplomacy and many social security measures. The pandemic also has exposed the limitation of Public Health capacities across the world. By now we know that Children of all ages can be affected. The fact that exact data of number of children affected or their proportion of the total infections or deaths, is not readily available even at subnational levels, indicates that they have not been the face of the Pandemic. In the initial months the symptoms and signs of the disease were very mild in children, until in May 2020, when a few cases of critical illness called Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children were first reported in UK/USA. Very few cases of mucor mycosis a fungal infection after recovering from Covid 19 are also being reported among children across the world. As of now available data indicates that children under the age of 18 years represent about 8.5% of reported cases and the symptomatic children are fewer and usually mild, and deaths were negligible compared to other age groups. The complications of MICS and lack of vaccine are the two major hurdles in protecting the lives of the children as of now. The indirect impact is the Orphanhood due the death of millions of COVID-19-associated deaths of the parents, poverty due to diminished earning by the parents losing jobs or working for low wages, interruption in education due to closure of schools, increase in malnutrition in poor countries due to disruption of nutrition programs and mental health of the children for want of peer interactions and the tensions of online learning. After about one and half year analysis of the available data indicates that the Covid 19 Pandemic affects the world’s children in three ways through: 1. infection with the virus and its complications like MICS and Mucor mycosis 2. the socioeconomic effects of the virus and related public health measures to suppress transmission and control the pandemic by the national and provincial Governments and 3. the risk that the virus and its response poses to the longer-term efforts to achieve the economic revival, efforts for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and ensuring the realization of the rights of all children as committed by the national governments. Working with UNICEF India, for over 17 years, the author in this article tries to look at the data available and assess the impact of covid 19 pandemic on the children in short and long terms. Materials & methods: The author has reviewed the Covid 19 pandemic world dash boards, Periodical press and TV media reports, sub-national data of age and sex distribution of cases, small studies on the cases and deaths of Covid 19and it’s complications and reports on the various development partners on the issue of child related SDGs. 21 Jul, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-136.php Background: Enterobius vermicularis has the widest geographic distribution among parasitic worms. This parasitic infestation is more common among children in population centers (nursery school, preschool). These parasites can affect the mental performance of children. This study investigated the role of IQ in children infestation with E.vermicularis were compared with healthy children in child care centers in Zahedan. Materials and methods: This descriptive study on 425 (218 boys- 207 girls) 3–10 years samples form three different geographical (North- south and center) were randomly selected. Scotch Tape Test was used to check for contamination with E.vermicularis. The Draw-a-Man test was used to study IQ in children. 30 children infestation with the parasite were selected as case group and 30 healthy children were selected as control group. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and pair sample T Test. Results: Prevalence of infestation was 7/5%. Average IQ scores in the control group was 106 and in patients’ group was 104/5. The highest rate of infestation in children with average intelligence factor was 15(50%). Children with high IQ was the low rate of infestation 2 (6%) and showed no significant relation between 2 group in Average IQ scores (PV≥0.05=0.2). The highest rate of infestation was in the southern region (15 case). Conclusion: The mental performance of children in group control was improve and recommended affect cure E. vermicularis in mental performance of children. 05 Jul, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-135.php Purpose: The present research aims to find clinical evidence for the starting hypothesis: parental alienation is a form of psychological violence that is part of the adjustment disorder fuelled by dysfunctional parental conduct. Methods: Using the Perrotta Integrative Clinical Interview (PICI-1C, for children), a restricted and low sample of patients was selected (21 subjects), all aged between 4 and 10 years, with a clinically relevant behavioural manifestation (and a presumed “label” of parental alienation), with parents in the process of marital separation not yet concluded and in a conflictual or in any case difficult intra-familiar relational context. Anonymity was guaranteed to all. Results: According to the PICI-1C, 100% (21/21) of cases fall into one of the six identified subtypes of adjustment disorder: a) 18,5% (4/21), disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (cat. 8); b) 13,7% (3/21), maladaptive separation disorder (cat. 9); c) 23,4% (5/21), oppositional defiant disorder (cat. 10); d) 23,4% (5/21), explosive-intermittent disorder (cat. 11); e) 7,3% (1/21), uninhibited social engagement disorder (cat. 12); f) 13,7% (3/21), attachment disorder (cat. 13). Conclusions: It can therefore be concluded, with all the limitations of the selected population sample, which is not representative, that the hypothesis of considering PAS (or PAD) as a variant of the general adaptation disorder, due to parental behaviour that feeds the dysfunctionality of the trauma suffered by the minor, can be substantially correct, also pointing out the correlation between the severity of the symptoms suffered (and the psychopathological condition found) and the prolonged exposure to stressful events. 05 Jul, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-134.php Purpose: This research addresses the issue of personality profiles of subjects who, due to age and birth in the age of digitalisation and the internet, have been massively exposed to telematic content without extensive parental control. In this research, the subject is addressed to the psychopathological investigation of personalities, according to the PICI-1(TA) model. Methods: Clinical interview and administration of the MMPI-II and PICI-1. Results: The research on a population sample of 975 people demonstrated: 1) On the MMPI-II, they reported 51.8% on the hypochondria clinical scale, 53.2% on the depression scale, 62.2% on the hysteria scale, 66.8% on the schizophrenia scale, 76.7% on the hypomania scale, 82.4% on the psychopathic deviation scale and 83% on the paranoia scale. In relation to the content scales, the matter is different: If for the clinical scales the average is between very close values, for the content scales it is not possible to do so, since the activations in the male group are much lower than in the female group. And in fact: a) for the men’s group the following is reported: 52.6% on the depression scale, 64.4% on the cynicism scale, 67.4% on the anger scale, 74% on the antisocial behaviour scale, 76.4% on the social discomfort scale, 84.4% on the family problems scale and 86% on the anxiety scales; b) for the woman’s group the following is reported: 85.4% on the social discomfort scale, 86% on the depression scale, 87.7% on the antisocial behaviour scale, 89.5 on the family problems scale, 94.4% on the anxiety and cynicism scales, and 98% on the anger scale. 2) On the PICI-1, the data are even more significant and expressive a precise psychopathological diagnosis of personality. The male population sample of cluster A singularly scored at least 5 dysfunctional traits among bipolar, schizoid and schizoaffective personality disorders, for 84.6% (309/365), thus obtaining a marked diagnosis of specific personality disorder. The remaining sample of the population however obtained individually at least 4 dysfunctional traits among the masochistic, psychopathic, delusional, histrionic, narcissistic and borderline personality disorders. Common diagnoses above 50% include 50.9% (186/365) of paraphiliac disorder, 75.6% (276/365) of sleep-wake disorders and 90.1% (329/365) of behavioural addiction disorders (the largest being ‘internet’). The female population sample singularly scored at least 5 dysfunctional traits among borderline, narcissistic and sadistic personality disorders, for 94.7% (578/610), thus obtaining a marked diagnosis of specific personality disorder. The remaining population sample, however, obtained individually at least 4 dysfunctional traits among the bipolar, paranoid, histrionic and psychopathic personality disorders. Common diagnoses above 50% include 50.6% (309/610) of nutrition disorders, 74.9% (457/610) of behavioural addiction disorders (the largest being ‘internet’) and 92.9% (567/610) of sleep-wake disorders. On the basis of these data, it is reasonable to state that 84.6% (of the selected male population sample) and 94.7% (of the selected male population sample) presents marked psychopathological traits. Specifically: for the male group, the dysfunctional traits refer individually, with at least 5 markings, to bipolar, schizoid, schizoaffective disorder, and with 4, to psychopathic, delusional, narcissistic, histrionic, masochistic and borderline disorder; for the female group, the dysfunctional traits refer individually, with at least 5 markings, to borderline, narcissistic and sadistic disorder, and with 4 markings, to bipolar, paranoid, histrionic and psychopathic disorder. Conclusions: From this level of psychopathological morbidity one can easily deduce that the excessive overexposure to the use of the internet, without a capillary and specific parental control, in childhood and pre-adolescence, exposes the subject to acquire a series of behaviours learned through social-network and more generally on the internet, able to significantly modify the psychophysical growth of the person. If the learned behaviours are then acquired by third parties who manifest dysfunctional behaviours and conducts, because they are in turn the result of psychopathological conditions, the result is the acquisition of that dysfunctional behaviour as ‘functional and not pathological’, with all the consequences one can imagine. The behavioural mechanism, to simplify, is exactly the same as that of the offence of money laundering: one acquires a dysfunctional and maladaptive behaviour (as is the ‘dirty’ money in the offence of money laundering) to make it one’s own and functional, to obtain one’s own psychological benefit (as is the money after being ‘cleaned’ through the use of operations considered lawful); a psychological benefit that may be the satisfaction of a need, a necessity or a specific requirement (e.g. receiving attention using anger, attracting sexual attention from peers by using provocative attitudes and poses in the presence or through photography or videotaping, or maintaining a certain physical standard because it is socially accepted by using drugs or vomiting or food restriction practices). In view of the alarming results of this research, it seems obvious to provide free psychological support for all families, capable of correcting at an early stage certain dysfunctional behaviours that may have been learnt through unsafe surfing on the Internet, and free support for all young patients who need emotional literacy to correct certain dysfunctions before they take root in their personalities; likewise, it seems obvious to curb the viewing of certain contents which, due to their structure and function, are toxic to the quality of healthy psychophysical growth. 05 Jun, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-133.php Background: Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem in developing countries. It is the most important risk factor for the burden of diseases. There was lack of information regarding the prevalence, level and factors associated with malnutrition among children of under-five years of age from Baluchistan, Pakistan. Objective: Therefore, the current study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, associated factors and parents’ awareness with malnutrition among children of under-five years of age. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at Basic Health Unit (BHU), Nawa Killi, BHU Killi Deba, BHU Spini Road, Mubarak Chowk, Sheikh Zahid Hospital Quetta, Rehnuma Center Satellite Town Quetta. A self-developed validated questionnaire was used to evaluate the parents’ awareness regarding children nutrition status. The mean mid upper-arm circumference (MUAC) value of the children was used to categorize the children nutritional status. Children with MUAC value < 12 cm were classified as malnourished, MUAC value =11-12 cm was considered as Moderate Acute Malnutrition (MAM) and, MUAC value < 11 cm was considered as Severely Acute Malnutrition (SAM). Data was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20). Multivariate binary logistic regression was used to find factors associated with the presence of malnutrition. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 205 children and their parents were included in the study. Majority of studied children were baby boys (60.4%) and belonged to the age group of 0-12 months (74.6%). Majority of the fathers of evaluated children were laborers (42%) and had a family monthly income of between 10000-20000 Pakistani Rupees. Majority of respondents were not well-known about the colostrum milk (63.9%), had not been informed or taught about nutrition (73.7%) and considered children vaccination necessary of disease prevention (91.7%), and had vaccinated their children (97.1%). prevalence of malnutrition in children who were not breastfed was 55.99 times higher than those who were breast fed (p-value <0.001, OR=55.99, 95%CI=13.524-231.842). Conclusion: The undernutrition in children is comparable to the national figures. Although our study found that absence of formal education, big family size, late and early weaning, absence of exclusive breast feeding and poverty were the factors associated with undernutrition in children, they could cause increase in under nutrition in future if not improved. 10 Apr, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-132.php Phenytoin is a commonly prescribed antiepileptic medication in the pediatric age group for multiple indications. It has a very narrow therapeutic range with well known side-effects. A careful dose dispensing is of utmost importance while administering medications with narrow therapeutic index especially in pediatric age groups with variable weight bands. Multiple dosage formulations like tablets/syrups of varying strength ranging from 30-300mg are available in the market just with a small difference of color coding on the labels making it prone to iatrogenic errors leading to toxicity. 31 Mar, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-131.php Trichobezoar is a concretion of chewing and swallowing hair or any other indigestible materials that accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract. Rapunzel syndrome refers to a rare condition when a gastric trichobezoar extends into the small bowel. We describe the case of a 16-year-old female who presented with chronic abdominal pain, loss of appetite and weight loss. Based on her past medical history, trichophagia has already been revealed at preschool age. Imaging tests indicated a large filling of the stomach. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a large trichobezoar in the stomach with prolongation through the pylorus. The patient underwent exploratory laparotomy and the trichobezoar was removed. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is the preferred modality for diagnosis and in most cases the treatment is surgical. 23 Mar, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-130.php Starting from the general concept of behaviour disorder, in childhood, preschool and adolescence, in this work the descriptive boundaries of all diagnostic hypotheses are defined, with an orientation for clinical, neurobiological and therapeutic treatment, not leaving out the socio-cultural, educational and family contexts inherent to the growth of the minor. In the last part of the work the reflexive cues are concentrated on the best theories and techniques of approach in the analysed species cases. 23 Mar, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-6-129.php Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is caused by production of platelet autoantibody. Then ITP can be caused by various viral infections, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, Zika virus and others [1]. Episodes of ITP can range from mild to life-threatening. We reported a pediatric patient with positive molecular test to SARS-CoV-2 associated with severe thrombocytopenia, with active bleeding, not meeting criteria for PIMS, refractory to conventional treatment with immunoglobulin and corticoids for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. The purpose of reporting the case is to provide the hematological manifestations of the new SARS-CoV-2 virus. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, in our patient the possible cause is the new coronavirus. 06 Oct, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-128.php This work focuses on the issue of mistreatment in neonatal age in family contexts and in particular on socio-environmental and psychopathological elements. The first part focused on the general profiles, highlighting, in particular, the defining contexts and the different types of implementation of the mistreatment, to focus more carefully on the social, environmental, and psychopathological elements, to complete the analysis structurally. However, it is evident that the mistreatment perpetrated in damage to a living being in neonatal age represents, beyond the seriousness of the damage reported, it represents a clear sign of a severely disturbed personality, which needs containment and neutralization, to avoid damage and dangers to itself and other. 20 Jul, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-127.php Background and Objectives: Childhood obesity strongly correlates with risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in the future. Screening of school children for diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk will be effective in identifying children at risk of developing cardio metabolic diseases and successfully enrolling them in a lifestyle modification program. Methodology: School children in the age group of 10-18 years were screened using BMI as a determining tool for obesity. The Healthy Heart Score for CVD risk prediction and Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS) were used to categorize the obese and overweight children as having high, medium and low CVD and diabetes risk. The participants were imparted educational intervention based on WHO CVD Risk Reduction Guidelines and the impact of structured educational intervention was assessed. Results: In the present study, out of the 305 children who were screened, 10.16% were found to be overweight and 3.93% were obese. Maximum proportion of overweight children fell under the moderate risk of developing diabetes (68.2%) category whereas proportion of obese children with moderate and high diabetes risk was found to be 44.4% and 55.5% respectively. In addition, it was observed that 31.2% of overweight children had moderate CVD risk and 68.2% had high CVD risk. Among the obese children, 11.1% were stratified as having moderate CVD risk and 88.9% as high CVD risk. Structured educational intervention resulted in a significant increase in knowledge regarding preventive Strategies for Cardio-metabolic risk modification. Conclusion: 74.2% and 35.5% of obese and overweight children were stratified as having high CVD risk and diabetes risk respectively. Educational Intervention resulted in a significant increase in knowledge regarding preventive strategies for CVD and Diabetes Risk {related to weight control, salt intake, saturated fat restriction, physical activity, maintaining blood pressure} among obese or overweight children. 26 Jun, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-126.php This work focuses on the topic of pedophilia by reconstructing with a critical review all the main etiological theories proposed in the literature, focusing in particular on the clinical, psychological and neurobiological elements, to conclude that the multifactorial solution is the best possible proposal to account for clinical, psychological, and socio-environmental causes. 17 Jun, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-125.php Introduction: Nowadays, thanks to the advancements in the follow-ups and treatments of diseases, more patients have been hospitalized. Especially chronic diseases such as cancers, increases infection risk. Although there is not much data in the literature about wound cultures in pediatric cases, it was found that wound infection has most commonly seen in the departments of general surgery and pediatric clinics respectively, as expected. Therefore, it is essential to know the microorganisms isolated from wounds in pediatric cases in terms of empirical treatment. 29 May, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-124.php Background: Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the most common pediatric disorders, causes significant morbidity and is associated with electrolyte imbalances, some of which can be too dangerous. Materials and methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed on 473 children admitted to the Children’s Medical Center Hospital emergency room for gastroenteritis. These patients received various treatments for gastroenteritis, such as oral rehydration therapy, antiemetic drugs, probiotics and intravenous fluids. The serum electrolyte, urea and creatinine levels of all patients were checked regularly and recorded on the data forms. 16 May, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-123.php The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is sometimes difficult to make. Among the atypical presentations is Amyand’s hernia. This is the development of acute appendicitis within an abdominal hernia. 25 Feb, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-122.php Most of the young Indian female Professionals and the spouses of budding professionals mostly software engineers and MBA’s in USA are falling prey to i) the conflicting messages like - “breastfeeding is a way to give children a good start in life, It’s just not the only way, We have good options to provide nutrition to infants that are not just breast feeding” ii) convenience of breast milk-feeding, ii) The Affordable Care Act’s mandating that the insurance plans must cover breast pumps, and that US employers allow mothers of children to take breaks to pump at work for up to a year after birth, iii) the middle classes have become able to more easily obtain consumer products thanks to automation and globalized manufacturing, elites have shifted their consumption patterns to more subtle status markers that enhance knowledge and health, iv) above all as their time saving strategy and v) inadequate guidance by the paediatricians regarding breastfeeding practices. 03 Feb, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-5-121.php Ischaemic stroke resulting from minor head injury are rare in children, as trauma usually results in intracranial bleed. We report a case who presented with right sided hemiplegic stroke due to trivial trauma. 11 year old girl who was previously healthy, presented with right sided facial palsy and ipsilateral hemiplegia of one day. MRI brain showed left sided middle cerebral artery territory infarct. MR angiography showed left middle cerebral artery territory infarct involving the left gangliocapsular region, left corona radiata and left frontotemporal lobe, suggestive of occlusion. On enquiry mother revealed fall from stairs 3 days back. 18 Dec, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-4-120.php Background: Screen time in children is a growing problem all over the world. Screen time of Sri Lankan school children has not been published before. The objective of this study is to determine the impact of screen time on the academic performances and the behaviour of children in primary classes in Kandy district, Sri Lanka. 16 Nov, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-4-119.php The establishment of gut microbiota in humans does not occur randomly but develops after birth through highly organized interactions between microorganisms, the immune processes orchestrated by the Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT), and a selective absorption to the blood regulated by the Gastrointestinal-Blood Barrier (GIB). 26 Sep, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-4-118.php Autism Spectrum Disorder is a global public health concern which has attracted little attention from African countries such as Kenya. As a result, children with ASD and their caregivers are facing significant barriers to accessing crucial services compared with the general population. 23 Aug, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-4-117.php Introduction: India has committed to Sustainable Development Goals and Universal Health Coverage by 2030. National Health Policy 2017 is in place with a Goal of The attainment of the highest possible level of good health and well-being, through a preventive and promotive health care orientation in all developmental policies, and universal access to good quality health care services without anyone having to face fi nancial hardship as a consequence. 13 Jun, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-4-116.php Background: The mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) to assess children nutritional status under 5 years of age, has been used since late fifties. Methods: The study was conducted to assess the accuracy in classifying the nutritional status of children under 5 years of age using the new CIMDER tapes compared to the new standard MUAC tape S0145620, distributed by UNICEF, taking weight-for-age as gold-standard from WHO multicenter study. Results. 07 Mar, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-4-115.php Humans have died from CF for thousands of years, while, the first clear references to the disease extend back only a few centuries. It was recorded in popular ancient folklore from Northern Europe which ensured that if you kissed a child with a salty taste, it was said to be “hexed” and would die an early death. In 1936 Professor Guido Fanconi established a relationship between celiac disease and cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and bronchiectasis and wrote about it in his work entitled “Familiar Pancreatic Cystic Fibromatosis with bronchiectasis”. Studying 47 families with patients suffering from this disease, Andersen and Hodges in 1946 concluded that for families, the situation was concordant with autosomal auto recessive inheritance. 24 Nov, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-3-114.pdf Foreign body aspiration is a common cause for a respiratory emergency in young children. It can be a life-threatening event if we don´t act quickly, especially, when foreign bodies are in larynx or trachea. The prevention of these children’s accidents and clinical suspect, are crucial, first to decreased their incidence and second to avoid the complications that may happen for delay in diagnosis. 22 Jun, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-3-113.php Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental syndrome. It begins before three years of age. ASD is characterized by pervasive deficits in social interaction, impairment in verbal and nonverbal communication, and stereotyped patterns of interests and activities. 30 Jan, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-3-112.php Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is a common Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) presenting with many symptoms and signs, in any age group. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-2-111.php Supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (SVT) is the most common tachyarrhythmia in pediatric patients and accounts for more than 90% of pediatric arrhythmias. As many as 16 different mechanisms of pediatric SVT exist; we focused in this review article on the three most common groups of SVT mechanisms in pediatrics: atrioventricular re-entry tachyarrhythmia (AVRT), atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachyarrhythmia (AVNRT), and atrial tachyarrhythmia (AT). 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-2-110.php Background: Viral infections, congenitally or perinatally acquired, have been associated with neonatal cholestasis. Investigators have suggested a similar link to biliary atresia (BA). 06 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-2-109.php Background: Jaundice is frequently associated with extrahepatic systemic infections. The important causes include increased bilirubin levels due to hemolysis, hepatic dysfunction, reduced excretion and cholestasis. 15 Jun, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-2-108.php Peertechz Journal of Pediatric Therapy Citation: Moravej H, Goodarzi M, Karamizadeh Z (2016) The Relation between Demographic Factors, Family History, Concomitant Autoimmune Diseases and Glycemic Control in Children with Type 1 Diabetes, A Cross-Sectional Study. Peertechz J Pediatr Ther 2(1): 006-009. 006 Abstract Background: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a common disease which causes acute and chronic complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, retinopathy, nephropathy, and atherosclerosis. Improvement in glycemic control can prevent these complications. 18 May, 2016 Abstract Despite the widespread use of corticosteroids in children, hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids are rarely. However, life-threatening reactions have been described, and clinicians should be aware of the risk posted by potential allergy to corticosteroid. Parenteral administration of such corticosteroids as methylprednisolone and hydrocortisone is more commonly associated with severe hypersensitivity reactions than other routes. A close and detailed evaluation is required to confirm the presence of a true hypersensitivity reaction to the suspected drug, and a challenge test with a different steroid must be performed in order to offer a safe alternative for further treatments. We report the case of a 14-year-old boy with an adverse reaction caused by methylprednisolone 31 Mar, 2016 Abstract Background: Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acuteself-limited vasculitis that primarily affects children under 5 years. It is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children in developed countries. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin are the main stay of treatment. 20% of patients are resistant to IVIG, presenting increased risk of coronary aneurysms. Several scores have been developed in Japan to identify patients with increased risk of resistance to IVIG 02 Dec, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-1-105.php Abstract Purpose: Published data regarding retinoblastoma in Saudi Arabia (KSA) is sparse. The study will present comparison of clinical and pathologic features, and evolving patterns of the treatment during 1983-1997 (Early group=EG) to 1998-2012 (Late group=LG) periods from an RB registry representing all Rb cases in KSA. 30 Nov, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-1-104.php Abstract Purpose: To report a case of central deep corneal scar secondary to trauma and subsequently resolved fungal infection in a 4½ year old and secondary amblyopia treated with femtosecond-assisted deep lamellar keratoplasty (FALK). 24 Nov, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-1-103.php While sharing a common property of suppressing seizures, antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have many different pharmacological profiles that are relevant when selecting and prescribing these agents in children with epilepsy and other conditions. This includes pharmacokinetic properties, drug-drug interactions, and side effect profiles and toxicities [ 1 ]. Over the past two decades, the number of AEDs has more than doubled. Unlike some of the former AEDs such as phenobarbital and phenytoin, many of the currently AEDs have simple pharmacokinetics and less side effects on liver. This explains into a generally lower rate of side effects, reduced need for serum monitoring, once or twice daily dosing and fewer drug-drug interactions. Despite these advantages, however, there are few data to suggest significant differences in effectiveness among the older AEDs 23 Nov, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-1-102.php Abstract Food allergy is a major public health problem affecting nearly 10 % of children in most industrialized countries. Unfortunately, there are no effective therapies for food allergy, relegating patients to simply avoid the offending foods and treating the reactions which occur on accidental exposure. Recently however, studies suggest that food immunotherapy may provide a promising new approach to food allergy, particularly using the oral form of immunotherapy (OIT). Enthusiasm for this approach though must be tempered because of the significant allergic reactions that often occur with OIT that tends to limit its use to patients with less severe disease. Actually this technique of desensitization is applied in child with ages over 5 years old, because many investigators think that this is the frontier from which the allergy is persistent all the life, and before this age the possibilities of natural tolerance to milk is very much probability. In contrast to this, are few investigational groups dedicated to try to desensitize children under 1 years old, and less in the first 6 months of the life, due to the high possibilities of secondary reactions, especially anaphylaxis 25 Sep, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/OJPCH-1-101.php Abstract Introduction: Eventration of diaphragm is a congenital anomaly that results from a failure of muscular development of part or all of the hemidiaphragm. Clinically, eventration of diaphragm refers to an abnormal elevation of an intact diaphragm. In some cases, it may be difficult to distinguish it from congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).