https://www.healthdisgroup.us/journals/journal-of-vaccines-and-immunology A Peertechz Open Access Journal en-us 13 Jun, 2025 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-11-161.php Vaccines have played a key role in battling infectious diseases, sparing countless lives from death. From smallpox eradication to COVID-19 control recently, vaccines have shown their efficacy in protecting populations. However, despite these successes, vaccination programs continue to face significant challenges, including vaccine hesitancy [1]. 05 Mar, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-10-160.php Among the countries in the European Union, Bulgaria reports the lowest immunization coverage. Gathering reliable information on the level of post-vaccine adverse events and making it publicly available might increase public confidence in vaccines and immunization strategies. The aim of our study is to analyze and summarize post-vaccination reactions among 100 pre-hospital care patients after the administration of the first and second doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The reported adverse reactions found by us with both mRNA and adenoviral vector vaccines were mild and self-limiting, similar to the results reported by many other authors in different parts of the world. We hope that attitudes regarding vaccinations will change in favor of vaccines, precisely through the analysis of the results of post-vaccination side effects, proof of their harmlessness. Regarding vaccinations will change in favor of vaccines, precisely through the analysis of the results of post-vaccination side effects, proof of their harmlessness. 08 Feb, 2024 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-10-159.php The COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 shook the world with its unprecedented scale, affecting over 700 million people and causing nearly 7 million deaths globally. In response, rapid and extraordinary measures were taken, including the development and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines at an unprecedented pace. However, the speed and magnitude of the response have raised questions about the efficacy and ethics of certain measures. To address these concerns, we present a non-comprehensive list of contentious issues that merit discussion and investigation by the scientific and medical communities. These issues encompass public education, ethical considerations, legal implications, policy decisions, regulatory oversight, gaps in scientific knowledge, and concerns related to mass vaccination efforts. By examining these topics, we aim to improve future crisis responses and maintain public trust and participation in vaccination programs. It is essential to learn from the successes and shortcomings of the COVID-19 response to better prepare for future health crises and ensure the safety and well-being of communities worldwide. 19 Aug, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-9-158.php Background: The Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a significant global health threat. In this study, we investigated the antibody response in five-time intervals following the COVISHEILD first, second, and booster doses vaccination in previously infected and previously non-infected individuals. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional prospective study that took place at the Bangladesh Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases (BITID), Fouzderhat, Chittagong, in 46 individuals who received the COVISHEILD vaccine from February 2021 to January 2022. Blood samples were collected from vaccine recipients at five different time points (Baseline: Day 0 before 1st vaccine dose, 3 weeks, 2 months (before 2nd dose), 6 months, and 1 year after a booster dose) to measure the levels of S-RDB IgG antibodies using the EUROIMMUN Anti-S-Rose Disease Bioinfection assay test kits (Lübeck, Germany). Results: The study reveals that individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection showed a significant increase in antibody levels after receiving the first vaccine dose, reaching 145.51 units at 3 weeks post-vaccination. This response remained stable at 117.6 units at 3 months and slightly declined to 103.26 units at 6 months, indicating a sustained immune response. For previously non-infected individuals, vaccination induced a strong immune response, with antibody levels of 159.62 units at 3 weeks, increasing to 150 units at 3 months, and then slightly declining to 87.84 units at 6 months. Despite the decline, antibody levels at 6 months and 1 year were notably higher than the pre-vaccination baseline of 0 units, indicating the development of a durable immune response following vaccination. In the <40 years age group, individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection showed a substantial boost in antibody levels after receiving the first vaccine dose, reaching 198.61 units at 3 weeks post-vaccination. The response remained stable at 122.22 units at 3 months and declined to 73.7 units at 6 months, followed by a rise to 263.85 units at 1 year. Conclusion: Our findings highlight that tailoring vaccination approaches based on gender differences and considering vaccination in both previously and non-infected individuals will aid in optimizing immune responses and combatting the COVID-19 epidemic effectively. 09 Aug, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-9-157.php The compromised function and environment of the immune system in individuals with cancer create a scenario in which the immune system fails to effectively identify and eliminate cancer cells. As a result, tumors can thrive and avoid detection by the immune system, leading to the progression of the disease. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of these immune-related challenges is essential for the development of effective cancer treatments, including immunotherapies, which aim to enhance the immune response against cancer. In addition to conventional treatments, dietary interventions have shown potential in supporting cancer patients by improving their immune function through nutritional support, influencing the gut microbiome, boosting the immune system, and other means. It is crucial to note that these dietary interventions should be tailored to each individual cancer patient, considering their specific requirements, preferences, and tolerances. This review seeks to underscore the significance of implementing well-adapted and appropriate dietary approaches to enhance the anticancer immunity of cancer patients. 22 Mar, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-9-156.php Background: The PDA defines the pathological persistence after the birth of a fetal physiological communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery frequently encountered in preterm infants and whose clinical and hemodynamic consequences depend on the importance of the shunt directly bound to the diameter of the canal. Percutaneous closure is the most frequent management modality with excellent immediate and long-term results (two modes of closure: using coil or Occluder). The surgery remains reserved for complex anatomies or associated with other surgical congenital anomalies. Case presentation: We detail in this document the two methods of percutaneous closure step by step illustrated by pediatric cases. The first case concerns a 7 years old girl of 17 kg weight with a history of heart murmur that presented in the TTE a PDA estimated at 1mm with LV dilation. The second case concerns a 12 years old girl of 30 kg weight with also a history of heart murmur that presented on TTE a PDA of 4.5mm with LV dilation. Therapeutic intervention: In the first case, we perform a closure with coil 5/5 by a unique femoral arterial approach as a standardized attitude in our center avoiding additional venous access. For the second case, we opted for closure with prosthesis N° 6/8 by a double femoral approach (arterial and venous access). Outcomes: The follow-up was favorable for both patients, with total sealing of the defect immediately after the procedures that persist during the 6 months of control. Conclusion: The closure of PDA in children is a challenging procedure whose safety requires a good pre-and per-procedural evaluation allowing the right choice of the method and size of the closing device. The respect of the different closure stages and the critical per procedural ultrasound and angiographic control reduce the rate of complications making this technique accessible and safe. In our series of 108 PDA closures by Coil in children, the unique femoral arterial approach is the standardized attitude in the first line in all patients avoiding additional venous access, which allows the Coil release in the basic technique while the arterial access allows opacification and measurement of the channel. The unique arterial approach has reduced the risk of local complications at the puncture site and the duration of the procedure without difference in closure efficiency and embolization risk. In our series of 92 PDA closures by Occluder in children the double femoral approach is the standardized attitude for all patients, the venous access allows the device release while the arterial access allows opacification/ measurement of the channel and control device deployment. 25 Feb, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-9-155.php Background: According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), globally there is an estimated 200,000 cases of Yellow Fever Virus yearly, causing 30,000 deaths annually, with 90% of cases occurring in Africa. Where about 20% to 50% of people who get infected and develop severe symptoms from the yellow fever virus die. WHO report showed that Ghana was among 27 African countries with a high risk of yellow fever outbreak at any time. In response, there was a need to amplify the immunization campaign against yellow fever. Ghana in collaboration with WHO, GAVI, the Vaccine Alliance, and UNICEF began a sub-national campaign to vaccinate approximately 5.3 million people against yellow fever targeting people between ages 10 and 60 years from November 28 to December 4, 2018. 459 Adverse Events Following the Immunization (AEFI) in Ghana were reported from 28th November 2018 to 1st January 2019. The yellow fever vaccine is regarded as one of the safest, but with few adverse events. Therefore, there is a need to assess the severity of the reported adverse events following immunization in the 2018 sub-national yellow fever immunization program in Ghana. Objective: To study the Seriousness of adverse events following yellow fever vaccination in Ghana. Methodology: A retrospective review of AEFI data through a surveillance system during a Yellow Fever vaccination campaign in Ghana. The data comprised suspected 459 adverse events following the immunization (AEFI). The reported AEFI from 28th November 2018 to 1st January 2019 was used for this study as secondary data. A total of 5.3 million people were vaccinated. All vaccine recipients were between the ages of 10 years to 60 years. Data were analyzed using frequencies and descriptive statistics in STATA version 15. Findings and discussions: The study showed 459 (0.00086%) per 5.3 million recipients reported adverse events. The AEFI occurred mostly among females and persons aged 30-39 years. Out of the 459 recipients with adverse events, 432 (99.3%) recovered, and 3 (0.7%) died. The most common adverse event per region, sex, and age group is fever. The study also revealed AEFIs may have contributed to the death of 3 (0.000056%) per 5.3 million recipients. However, a causality assessment done by the Vaccine Safety Review Committee of independent experts showed no causality between the reported AEFI (deaths) and the YF vaccination. This indicates that the benefits of the vaccination outweigh the risk of adverse events or fatalities. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that the benefits of the Yellow Fever Vaccination (YFV 17D) outweigh the risk of adverse events or fatalities. Reported Adverse Events following the 2018 sub-national yellow fever vaccination per 5.3 million recipients were 459 representing 0.0086%. There was no causality between reported deaths 3 (0.000056%) and the YF immunization. The adverse events that follow yellow fever immunization are not strong and suggest that most of the respondents do not have serious repercussions after the vaccination. Therefore, YF vaccination has saved millions of people from potential vaccine-preventable deaths in Ghana and beyond its borders and did not cause more harm than health benefits. 21 Feb, 2023 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-9-154.php Alopecia areata, which is a condition with characteristic regional hair loss on the top of the head, is quite common in outpatient departments and clinics. The hair loss is rather rapid during the acute phase and the development into a severe form of alopecia may be related to the younger onset, along with nail changes, family history of atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, asthmatic bronchitis, etc., or other autoimmune diseases. Physically, a large area of hair loss can be observed, as well as other typical features, including broken hair roots and exclamation mark hairs. The classic histopathological sign is the infiltration of lymphocytes around the hair follicles. Moreover, alopecia is not limited to the scalp, and hairs on any part of the body are subjected to the effect of this disease. 26 Oct, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-8-153.php The heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli (LT) protein were reported to be an ideal mucosal adjuvant for nasal or oral delivery with antigen. Because of its toxicity, the application of native LT protein was focused on the purification of subunit B (LTB) or reconstructing non-toxic LT mutants, such as LTK63, LTR72, LTG192, or LTK63/R72. In this study, we mutated nucleotides coding the rd63rd and nd72nd residues, as well as the nd72nd, and 192th amino acids, to explore whether the double mutant LTA72R/R192G had a good adjuvanticity the same as the single mutant LTS63K or LTA72R, which were known as the ideal mucosal adjuvants. LTA72R/R192G was harmless to the mice because of the reduction of the ADP- ribosylation activity and toxicity. Besides, it could significantly enhance the mucosal immune response against the NCDV or CSFV antigens. In conclusion, the nontoxicity LTA72R/R192G may potentially serve as an effective adjuvant for mucosal immunization. 08 Aug, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-8-152.php Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 has been subject to intensive interest since its appearance in 2019, with the risk of severe course being significantly higher for adult patients with hematological malignancy. Results on a two-dose, standard vaccination regimen in patients with hematological cancer have identified risk populations with poor vaccination outcomes (Chronic lymphocytic leukemia, anti-CD20 treatment, etc.). Thus, a booster dose was anticipated with hopes of inducing an immune response in formerly non-respondent individuals. We have vaccinated 394 patients with hematological cancer with the third dose of the mRNA BNT 162b2 COMIRNATY vaccine. Our results show promise, especially for increasing protective antibody levels in patients who retain valid antibody titers. We also identify problematic populations such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which still represent a major challenge for prophylaxis and protection against a severe course of COVID-19. Our report brings more insight into vaccination results and behavior. Importantly, we have identified risk groups in which poor outcomes can be anticipated and what extensive preventive measures should be undertaken to avoid COVID-19 infection. 23 Jul, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-8-151.php Adult-onset Still’s disease is a rare systemic disease while macrophage activation syndrome is a fulminant complication of Still’s disease. As mortality is high in macrophage activation syndrome, prompt diagnosis is crucial to commence definitive management. Adult-onset Still’s disease is a rare systemic disease while macrophage activation syndrome is a fulminant complication of Still’s disease. As mortality is high in macrophage activation syndrome, prompt diagnosis is crucial to commence definitive management. Macrophage activation syndrome is a complication of adult-onset Still’s disease. When first-line immunosuppressives fail, second-line medications including biologic therapy can be considered with good results. 08 Jul, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-8-150.php Macrophages are important cells of the immune system and are sufficiently plastic to polarize either an M1 state or M2 state. Depending on the signals received from different intrinsic or extrinsic factors, the macrophage polarity is determined. These cells are distributed in every tissue of the body and are also found as circulating cells in the bloodstream called ‘monocytes’. Natural products may be one extrinsic factor to modulate macrophage polarization. It is important to understand the mechanism by which natural products drive the polarization of macrophages. Based on recent advancements in the understanding of immunology, macrophages are classified as classically activated and alternatively activated, also designated as M1 and M2 macrophages respectively. The resident brain macrophages (microglia) get activated under stress and attain the M1 macrophage phenotype which is related to inflammatory mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration while treatment with plant-derived natural compounds drives the M1 microglia towards the M2 type which prevents the inflammatory response and protects the neurons. Understanding the mechanism of polarization of macrophages by natural compounds will be useful in treating different types of inflammatory diseases including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of macrophage polarization using plant-derived natural compounds and their ability to regulate the pathophysiology of the tissues. 05 May, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-8-149.php Throughout the history of medicine, vaccines have been one of the most used weapons by humans to prevent diseases and create immunity, having a great impact on both society and the health of individuals and communities, constituting an authentic guarantee to achieve stability and the maintenance of the public health of the population. In this monograph, a compilation, reflective, detailed, and specific study of vaccines within the history of medicine are carried out through a bibliographic search to know in depth the vaccines, their origin, evolution, and role-played throughout all time. Vaccination is one of the greatest advances in public health at the global, national, community, and individual levels, the introduction of immunization has allowed unquestionable benefits, impacting social systems, reducing the cost of treatments, and the incidence of infectious diseases and the mortality from them. Vaccines will have, among others, a social and economic impact, since preventing diseases favors the economic level, the quality of life, and social well-being. Vaccines and their administration techniques evolve in parallel since over time both have progressed, they have experienced progress both in their preparation and in the way they are administered, and with it the material and human resources used to do so. 26 Mar, 2022 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-8-148.php Background and objective: The entire world is reeling under the COVID-19 pandemic caused by coronavirus SARS-COV-2. A longitudinal study was planned to understand the evolving pattern of seroprevalence of anti-SARS CoV-2 antibodies in a cohort of health care workers. Method: A prospective study was conducted among the health care workers categorized as doctors, nursing staff, paramedical staff, and housekeeping staff. A qualitative estimation of total antibodies (IgM+IgG+IgA) against SARS-CoV-2 was carried out using an ELISA kit in July and November 2020. Results: Total 443 blood samples were collected on July 20 and 214 samples in November. A cohort of 140 health care workers was selected from July to November 2020 data. The overall seroprevalence in HCWs was 8.35% in July 2020 and it increased to 26.63% in November 2020. The overall seroprevalence in the HCW cohort also revealed an increase from 12.14%. 30.71%. In the cohort of healthcare workers, there was a constant seroprevalence in nursing staff (10.5%) and housekeeping staff (25%) while a statistically significant (p0.002) rise in seroprevalence rate (12.6 to 41.37) was noted in the paramedics. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of anti- SARS-CoV2 antibodies in asymptomatic HCWs increased from 8.35% to 26.63% over a period of 4 months. A significant rise in seroprevalence was noted amongst nurses (p0.0005) and paramedics (p0.007). The seroprevalence data of the cohort group revealed a statistically significant rise in seroprevalence in paramedics (p 0.002) as compared to other categories of healthcare personnel. 13 Dec, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-147.php This Mini-Review and Opinion letter, it was addressed different themes and topics implicated in the development of new treatments and vaccines applied to pathologies developed in humans such as by Virus and related pathogens. In this context, it was presented and discussed different strategies used, which were contemplated from the design of small molecules, towards higher sized chemical structures and new Nanoarchitectures. In particular, it was discussed varied studies developed for the Corona Virus treatment; which afforded to the main mechanisms of action of pharmacophores and targeted functional Nanoparticles. In this direction, it was highlighted the importance of Bioconjugation of molecules and variable Nanoarchitectures for their incorporation within cells as well as for the development of Nano-vaccines. Moreover, it was discussed about the development of combinatory treatments based on different strategies recently reported. Similarly, it was presented different studies and developments actually in progress related to the design of functional and Multifunctional Nano-platforms with potential perspectives on Lab-On particles and Nano-vaccines for precision Nanomedicine and new treatments. 13 Dec, 2021 The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated influenza split virion vaccine administered via a transdermal microneedle system. In this Phase 1, single-center, randomized, controlled study, 90 subjects aged 18 to 40 years received influenza vaccine (strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) either via a transdermal microneedle system (“patch”; 10 µg) for 5 or 15 minutes or by Intramuscular (IM) injection (15g). Influenza antibody titers were measured by the hemagglutinin inhibition method and compared to EMEA guidelines for influenza vaccines (seroconversion rate, mean increase in hemagglutinin inhibition titer, and percentage of seroprotected subjects). Safety was assessed through local and systemic adverse events, and specific application site events in the transdermal groups. At Day 21, the EMEA criteria were met in all treatment groups for all three influenza strains. The immunogenicity response was similar between all three groups and increased antibody levels persisted to Month 6. The transdermal microneedle system was generally well tolerated, although pinpoint red spots, edema, and erythema were noted after patch removal in most subjects. Influenza vaccination administered via a novel transdermal microneedle system was generally well tolerated and provided similar antibody response using a lower dose than IM injection. 13 Dec, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-146.php The purpose of the study was to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated influenza split virion vaccine administered via a transdermal microneedle system. In this Phase 1, single-center, randomized, controlled study, 90 subjects aged 18 to 40 years received influenza vaccine (strains (A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B) either via a transdermal microneedle system (“patch”; 10 µg) for 5 or 15 minutes or by Intramuscular (IM) injection (15g). Influenza antibody titers were measured by the hemagglutinin inhibition method and compared to EMEA guidelines for influenza vaccines (seroconversion rate, mean increase in hemagglutinin inhibition titer, and percentage of seroprotected subjects). Safety was assessed through local and systemic adverse events, and specific application site events in the transdermal groups. At Day 21, the EMEA criteria were met in all treatment groups for all three influenza strains. The immunogenicity response was similar between all three groups and increased antibody levels persisted to Month 6. The transdermal microneedle system was generally well tolerated, although pinpoint red spots, edema, and erythema were noted after patch removal in most subjects. Influenza vaccination administered via a novel transdermal microneedle system was generally well tolerated and provided similar antibody response using a lower dose than IM injection. 04 Oct, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-145.php Japanese Encephalitis (JE) follows due to viral infection that directly affects brain leading to coma and finally death. JE which finally leads to Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) have been creating devastation in eastern Uttar Pradesh for decades. The Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is the epicenter of encephalitis induced deaths and the disease mostly affect its rural areas. However, Maharajgang, Sant Kabir Nagar, Basti, Kushinagar, Siddharth Nagar, Deoria and Mau are the most affected districts in the state. Independent figures put the toll around 50,000 as many kids die without reaching hospital. Every year, in rainy season the condition is worst for children in Uttar Pradesh. The Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is generally spread by mosquitoes, specifically those of the genus Culex. Pigs and wild birds serve as reservoir for the JEV. Encephalitis can be air or water borne, the result of a mosquito bite or spread by ticks. The initial symptoms are fever, cold or headache. However, it becomes life threatening only when it crosses the blood and brain barrier. There is no full cure of the disease; however, it can only be treated by vaccination to some extent. Prevention includes control of the vector mosquitoes of JEV by fogging with ultra-low levels of insecticides and by raising the immunity in children by vaccination. There are three types of vaccines has been used in large scale. In India, the JE vaccination was launched during 2006. Recently Shri Yogi Adityanath (Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh) government has launched a massive encephalitis vaccination program during 2017-18 which is a positive hopeful step towards saving the lives of several innocent people of our country. 24 Jul, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-144.php Despite the advance in health sciences, the more frequent emerging of infectious diseases in recent decades raise due to environmental changes such as human activity, poor health care system, microbial adaptation, and substantial international movement [1]. This virus has a high mutation ratio with a substantial spread among the population through droplets, airborne, and contact as modes of transmission [2]. Generally, the Coronavirus affected our way of life and specifically the way of carrying out the research. 20 Jul, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-143.php European Countries and Switzerland provide Green Pass for people who fulfill the two doses’ vaccines but also for people who recovered from COVID-19. In order to prove that people recovered they should provide a positive PCR from more than two weeks ago, while IGG positive for COVID-19 is not accepted as a prove of recovery. This policy is not sustained by evidence-based medicine. 24 May, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-142.php The use of safe and effective vaccines is a well-established public health intervention, with a major impact on the fall in the prevalence of infectious diseases. In the absence of environmental transmission, vaccines do not work for life, as originally detected. This has now generated the occurrence of vaccinated susceptible people, which allows the importation of diseases, since vaccination coverage does not equate to population immunity. The serological control of the vaccination status and the protection of a population is essential, and its execution is not friendly due to the blood collection necessary for the tests. In these assays, the specific IgG for the vaccine agent is quantified, it would be important to detect IgA as well. This is an immunoglobulin secreted for mucous membranes that neutralizes or directs the agent to non-permissive neutrophils, it is very important in vaccine protection, but difficult to detect and quantify. Saliva can be a friendly alternative material as a source of IgA and IgG for use in conventional tests and its obtainment is not invasive, facilitating the acceptance of these studies in protected groups. We standardized assays with detection of antibodies in solid phase, to prospect for effective vaccine coverage in adolescents using saliva as a biological fluid. Once established and standardized, these techniques will allow for eventual vaccine control without the need for aversive blood collection, adequate public health measures, such as revaccination, can be adequately planned. 24 May, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-141.php Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) is the primary pathogen of enzootic pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease in pigs. Vaccination of piglets to protect against M. hyopneumoniae can be performed at several ages, depending on product label specifications. Early intervention in the first week of life may have advantages, since piglets can already become infected with M. hyopneumoniae during the suckling period, resulting in a significant percentage of M. hyopneumoniae-positive piglets around weaning. The current study compared convenience and economic benefits of M. hyopneumoniae vaccination in piglets of 3, 7 and 14 days of age. Duration of piglet vaccination at 3 days of age was significantly (P < 0.05) shorter (2.64 ± 0.08 seconds) as compared to 7 days of age (4.90 ± 0.18 seconds) and 14 days of age (6.04 ± 0.22 seconds). Economic calculation in a 1000-sow unit, using a vaccination convenience calculator, demonstrated that although the total number of piglets vaccinated is lower (- 443 and - 838 at 7 and 14 days of age, respectively) at a later vaccination age, the related increase in vaccine cost in the early vaccination group (Group 1) was largely compensated by the decrease in cost of overall vaccination time (€ 1,115.61 and € 1,461.00 lower at 3 days of age as compared to 7 and 14 days of age, respectively). In conclusion, M. hyopneumoniae vaccination at 3 days of age has several advantages over later vaccination at 7 or 14 days of age. Besides the benefits in convenience of piglet handling at that age, we could also demonstrate economic benefits of early M. hyopneumoniae vaccination. 21 May, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-140.php Background: The new coronavirus pandemic has substantially changed research and teaching activities. The aim of our survey was to investigate the impact of the current health emergency on teaching and research activities, focusing on the perspectives of research unit members. Methods: This was an anonymous web-survey conducted between April 29 and May 6, 2020. All members of the center of Biology, Medicine, and Health sciences (BMS) of the Lorraine University were invited to participate in this survey through collective e-mails. Results: Eighty-three subjects participated in our survey. Research activities were totally (86.8%) or partially (75.9%) stopped in most centers and most of respondents were working from home occasionally (15.7%) or every day (78.3%). The main activity during lockdown was writing original articles from already collected data (39.8%). More than a third of the respondents (39.7%) reported remarkable reduction in their work. Similarly, most of conferences (82%) and internships (73.3%) were canceled and graduation of students were postponed in 58.8% of cases. Conclusions: Work from home was a valid alternative to workplace activities during the pandemic. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term effects of this new approach on quality of research and teaching. 21 May, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-139.php It is logical to rely on effective vaccinations to overcome the pandemic as well as future up-coming epidemics. When the scale of involvement and the speed of spread are unusually wide and extensive, as is happening in the current Pandemic, vaccination cannot effectively satisfy the expectations. Innate Immunity of the individual determines whether he or she is more resistant to infection, or on the contrary, more susceptible. A strong background of innate immunological defense ability allows the individual to resist infection and, even if infected will be able to maintain a mild course. Recent studies have indicated that Innate Immunity could be “trained” to arrive at a more effective and more sustained ability to resist incoming adverse organisms: though short of specificity like vaccination, yet could provide a general combatting coverage, from the stage of early organism entry to the subsequent fight for elimination. Research has identified that micro-nutrients in food stuffs and special lipo- or glyco-proteins could provide enhancements in the perfect maintenance of the Immunological System to provide an ideal ground for “trained immunity” development. Since Vitamin D has long been revealed being protective against respiratory infections via rather sophisticated pathways, it is suggested that it could be combined with other micro nutrients like β glycan to form an effective Innate Immunity booster in support of specific vaccination. 20 Feb, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-138.php Vaccines are one of the oldest biological products which are most successful in modulating immune response against various life-threatening infectious diseases. Currently, there are many advancements in the designing and delivery of vaccines. Starting from the use of live attenuated and dead microbes as vaccines, to the stage of mapping antibodies using various software and algorithms for designing desired vaccine, the journey has taken many turns in the last two centuries. Current write up gives a glimpse of various developments in the development of vaccines as well as delivery strategies like use of immunoinformatics, artificial intelligence and efforts made towards the delivery of vaccines using nanoparticles, vectors, hydrogels as adjuancts. 25 Jan, 2021 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-7-137.php The emergence of novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and its rapid spread across the world have triggered a global health emergency without preceding. From the first report of COVID-19 at Wuhan city of China in December 2019 until today there has been an outbreak of COVID-19 around the world, with 97, 831, 595 confirmed cases and 2, 120, 877 death cases [1,2] and this number keeps growing. 24 Nov, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-136.php A vaccine is an antigen derived from pathogen. In its crudest form vaccine contains either attenuated pathogen, or an antigen molecule as in case of subunit vaccine, yet what interacts with immune system are few amino acids in the form of epitopes [1]. The idea to form a vaccine from selective few epitopes has emerged as a more logical approach owing to the fact that the conventional approaches are slow and selection of antigen is more or less random. In the last 5 years a lot of new vaccine candidates have been proposed which are based on B Cell Epitopes (BCE) and T Cell Epitopes (TCE) [2]. This approach of rapid identification of immuno epitopes is centered on computational predictions, which utilize advance algorithms and increasing epitope data base. Epitope prediction is one of the most important corner stone of in-silico vaccine designing, however it depends on antigen identification, and most crucially epitope selection for an effective immune response. 10 Nov, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-135.php This is a report of a clinical attempt on the creation of an evidence-based herbal supplement for the personal protection against respiratory infection including COVID-19. The herbal supplement was derived from ancient Chinese herbal formulae. It had been proven safe and effective as a preventive agent during the 2003 SARS epidemic in Hong Kong. It was used again in this pandemic for the same purpose: offering extra personal protection for the frontline medical workers. While appreciations related to apparent preventive effects had been plentiful, a repetition of trial offered to a smaller group of 700 individuals was carried out. Apart from the need for the confirmation of safety and better quality of life, a subgroup of 33 volunteers offered to have their sera checked for immunological boosting effects as had been claimed. Results showed that the two weeks’ herbal supplement did achieve a clear indication of boosted immunological defense via a macrophage orientated pathway as was indicated in the changes in chemokine activities. This effects could be understood as a demonstration of “trained immunity” process. 06 Nov, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-134.php This review has documented the vaccination in India and the history of it with a view to know the directions of developing indigenous vaccines for expanding the benefit to the grass root level in this highly populated country. Expansion of smallpox vaccination, typhoid vaccine trial and setting up of vaccine institutes were witnessed in the early twentieth century in almost each state in India. A number of private vaccine manufacturers came up in the post independence period in India besides the establishment of BCG vaccine in National Institutes. Smallpox vaccination was continued till it was eradicated and the country became smallpox free in 1977. Universal Immunization Programme was launched in 1985 as a part of the expanded programme of immunization which was established in 1978.India has declared as the country of non-endemic for poliomyelitis in 2012. Therefore, the immunization efforts are guided by the experience of the past events for analyzing and developing vaccines in the present time. 30 Oct, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-133.php What to do in the event of a varicella infection in pregnant women or children is sometimes not well known. Several therapies are available to doctors; specific immunoglobulins, anti virals, vaccination. We propose a decision tree 01 Oct, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-132.php Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging agent that belongs to the genus Pestivirus of the family Flaviviridae and causes Congenital Tremor (CT) in newborn piglets. Piglets with CT are mainly characterized by rhythmic tremor in the limbs and head, complicated by ataxia. Affected animals often die due to insufficient sucking with a mortality rate of 10%-30%. Histopathological findings of such piglets are mainly characterized by increased vacuoles in the white matter of the cerebellum, hypomyelination of the spinal cord, and microglial proliferation. APPV has been widely spread around the world since it was first reported in 2015, bringing huge economic losses to the pig industry. However, as a newly discovered virus, no vaccine is currently available to prevent and control APPV infection. In addition, the difficulties in APPV isolation and its high genetic variability severely hamper the development of APPV vaccines. Here, we propose an alternative strategy, the reverse genetics system, may be a prospective platform to address the issues with APPV vaccine design. 29 Sep, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-131.php The Pandemic has been with us in the whole world for over half a year. There seems no signs of slowing down. Traditionally, infection problems are dealt with by experts and scholars who clarify the cause of the disease and the pathological involvements; work out the effective treatment protocol, then organize a public health program for prevention. Unfortunately, with regard to this current devastating pandemic, up to today there is yet no consensus on the use of therapy: anti-flu, anti HIV, antimalarials and steroidal classics have all been tried. New drugs, of course, has been on the list. 14 Jul, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-130.php Chlamydia is the most common sexually transmitted infection of bacterial origin, and a broadly protective vaccine is urgently needed given the largely asymptomatic nature of the infection and the severe reproductive sequelae in women with untreated infections. The primary aim of this study was to characterize the immune response to vaccination with BD584, a novel recombinant antigen consisting of three type III secretion (T3S) proteins, and to evaluate its efficacy against a Chlamydia trachomatis challenge in three strains of mice. C57BL/6, BALB/c, and C3H/HeN mice were vaccinated three times intranasally with BD584 and CpG adjuvant, then challenged intravaginally with C. trachomatis. BD584/CpG vaccination induced strong cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in all three strains of mice, suggesting that this vaccine should be immunogenic in a genetically heterogenous population. BD584/CpG vaccination reduced vaginal shedding of C. trachomatis in C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice. Together, these results strengthen the rationale for further investigating the use of T3S proteins in a C. trachomatis vaccine. 16 May, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-129.php Blood routine is a common laboratory index in clinic, and used as an auxiliary item for diagnosing many diseases. Currently, sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) infection has been a pandemic concern which severely threatens human health [1]. 03 Feb, 2020 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-6-128.php The immunological response to meningococcal C conjugated vaccine can be evaluated by two different tests: the serum bactericidal antibody assay (SBA), which evaluates the qualitative bactericidal capacity of the antibodies, and the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), which quantifies the specific serogroup C meningococcal immunoglobulin-G. Incompatibilities between the results of both tests have been reported. Technically, ELISA is simpler, safer, and easier to reproduce when compared to the SBA; thus, an assessment of the validity of ELISA as a protective correlate compared to the SBA gold standard should be performed. This study tested the validity of ELISA for the evaluation of the protective response to the C meningococcal conjugate vaccine in adolescents with HIV compared with the gold standard SBA, to evaluate the reliability of ELISA to infer the protection of the individual. 12 Dec, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-5-127.php Fringe medicine (euphemistically called alternative), their articles (sometimes called throw aways) and products (supplements) have peacefully but uncomfortably coexisted with traditional medicine. The advent of the internet and the spread of misinformation have made traditional medicine evaluate its approach on all medical information. Traditional or prestigious journals, not without their own failings, are now in competition with the internet which includes open access e-journals, which have given rise to predatory publishers, as well as medical misinformation. Doctors must determine which articles are trustworthy. A new hybrid article may emerge. 07 Nov, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-5-126.php Infl uenza A H5N1 subtype known as avian fl u is an emerging and extremely contagious virulent disease that poses a risk to the international community’s security.In latest years, by establishing itself as a important emerging infectious disease, it has become a major public health issue. 02 Nov, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-5-125.php Immunizing human or animals with edible plants is an evolving tool that seems to grip countless potential. The selected/desired antigen of pathogens (HIV, tuberculosis etc) are inserted to the selected host plant by transformation technique to form a transgenic plant. Edible vaccines grip countless promise as a profi table, easily managing, can be store easily, unlikely or unable to fail and sociocultural gladly sustainable, particularly for the poor emerging nations. 06 Sep, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-5-124.php Background: Historically, immunisation has largely focused on children. There is an increased realisation that optimal control of vaccine preventable diseases (VPDs) requires an extension of immunisation to adolescents and adults. Research is vital to guide the extension of adolescent and adult immunisation without interference with the childhood immunisation programmes. We therefore conducted a study assessing the types and quality of available research on adolescent and adult immunisation in Africa from 2011 to 2019. 24 Apr, 2019 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-5-123.php Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative intracellular zoonotic bacterium that causes infertility and abortion in cattle, and undulant fever in humans. Its low dose of infectivity, ability to be aerosolized, and ease of genetic modification, makes it a bioterror concern. The overall goal is to generate a safe and effective vaccine for humans. One candidate vaccine is Brucella abortus strain RB51, which was approved for use in cattle, and provides protection by initiating a strong T-helper 1 (CD4 Th1) response. Based on a model for aerosol exposure, mice were vaccinated intranasally (IN) with strain RB51 and challenged IN with B. abortus strain 2308. However, strain RB51 did not protect. Protection against Brucella is mediated through Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) 2, 4 and 9. The addition of TLR 2 or TLR 4, and a trend with TLR9 agonists, when combined with IN strain RB51 vaccination, significantly increased bacterial clearance in the lung after strain 2308 challenge. Therefore, for this study, we hypothesized that combining TLR agonists 2, 4, and 9 with strain RB51 IN would enhance protection and clearance in the lung against strain 2308 challenge (IN), by activating the DC1 and CD4 Th1 and CD8 immune response. This study showed that protection was not enhanced by combining all TLR agonists. The group with non-significantly greater clearance was strain RB51 and TLR 2 and 4 agonists. Additional studies are warranted to further define the differential mechanisms and endpoints of protection and chronic infection. 21 Mar, 2018 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-4-122.php Autophagy is a homeostatic process in the eukaryotic cells which contributes towards degradation of unwanted cellular constituents, killing of the invading intracellular microbes and generation of cell mediated immunity (CMI). 17 Aug, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-3-121.php Avian Infl uenza H5N1 has been spreading in Indonesia since 2003. The Avian infl uenza virus H5N1 actually infects various animals, 02 May, 2017 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-3-120.php Background: Canine parvovirus (CPV) emerged in 1970s as a highly infectious disease. CPV modified live vaccines have been widely used to control the disease. It is urgent to develop specific monoclonal antibodies to differentiate field virus from vaccine virus in vaccinated dogs. 30 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-119.php Fasciolosis is a wide spread economically important helminthosis caused by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica and considered as a limiting factor for domestic livestock production. The strategic control measures against fasciolosis mainly depend upon judicious use of the anti-fluke drugs. 17 Dec, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-118.php Background: Current thinking suggests that vaccination approaches against the HIV-1 should be directed to elicit a Th1 cell-mediated immunity, neutralizing antibodies and/or ADCC mediating antibody responses. 14 Nov, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-117.php Background: The spreading of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in poultry in Eurasia and Africa accompanied with the great economic losses to poultry industry in past decades has attracted the great attention of whole world. Domestic ducks play a critical role in the ecology of avian influenza viruses. 25 Oct, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-116.php Background: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genotype VII has become the dominant genotype in China. However, NDV genotype II was used to make current commercial NDV vaccines. The mismatch of genotypes between circulating and vaccine strains of viruses may compromise the efficacy of vaccines. 10 Aug, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-115.php Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease which is currently an important and rapid growing health problem across the globe. Four closely related dengue serotypes cause the disease, which ranges from asymptomatic infection to undifferentiated fever, dengue fever (DF), and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). 16 Jul, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-114.php Background: Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is acute, highly contagious form of disease of water buffalo, cattle, and bison caused by Pasteurella multocida (PM). 17 Jun, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-113.php Introduction: Rabies is a viral disease that causes nearly thousands of death globally per year. Vaccination against rabies generates virus neutralizing antibodies and is the most successful and cost effective method of preventing the disease. 14 Mar, 2016 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-2-112.php Over the last 20 years, a large body of work in the literature has focused on the folded structures formed by peptide sequences containing backbone homologated residues. Currently increasing interest in peptide based vaccines for several infectious diseases, and non-infectious diseases. The work of Seebach in Zurich [1] and Gellman in Madison [2], established that oligomers of β amino acid residues can form novel helical structures in solution and in the solid state. 21 Oct, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-1-111.php Parasites are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide and infect over one fourth of the human population also. Parasites are successful in evading host immune responses, and vaccination can prove to be an effective way to control them. However, currently very few vaccines are available against parasitic infection. 14 Oct, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-1-110.php Background: Pneumococcal disease is an infection caused by a bacterium called Streptococcus pneumonia which can lead to life-threatening invasive pneumococcal diseases. In the UK, pneumococcal vaccination is targeted at those most at risk of serious disease: infants, older people and those with risk factors. 05 Oct, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-1-109.php Background: The very virulent infectious bursal disease virus has become the dominant path type that damage lymphoid tissues with high mortality in young chickens in China. Current commercial vaccines are modified live vaccines originated from classic form of virulent virus and cannot provide complete protection as they cause bursal atrophy and immunosuppression. There is an urgent call to develop more effective and safer vaccines. 01 Oct, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-1-108.php We report a 7-year-old patient with mild encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS) presenting with recurrent delirious behavior, hallucinations and seizures following common cold. Cranial MRI showed high signal intensity in the splenium of the corpus callosum. Rhinovirus was detected in the nasopharyngeal swab by multiplex PCR. 21 Sep, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-1-107.php Expression of MHC I at the cell surface is essential for presenting peptides to circulating cytotoxic T cells. Interference with a number of components of the antigen processing machinery is an immune evasion mechanism that has been highlighted in a number of malignancies. 19 Aug, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/articles/JVI-1-106.php Despite careful contributions, food allergic children have a significant risk of anaphylactic episodes. Especially at risk are children not accompanied by parents or caregivers in public places, or restaurants, or not provided with injectable epinephrine. We shortly report two children and conclude that parents should be provided with medication for emergency treatment. 07 Aug, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-105.php Cow's milk (CM) protein hydrolyzed formulas (HFs) appeared in the 40's with the aim of decreasing or eliminating the allergenicity of CM proteins, and in addition of reducing the risk of sensitization. In recent years the so-called hypoallergenic (HA) formulas have been developed. The use of such HFs is based on the premise that predigested proteins, when fed as amino acids and peptides, provide nutrients in a not antigenic form. Thus, protein HFs have been classified as HA 03 Jul, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-104.php The current generation vaccines are mainly composed of highly purified antigens and tend to be poorly immunogenic, requiring potent adjuvant for their success. The adjuvants currently available suffer from various drawbacks such as low potency (inability to activate strong humoral and cell-mediated immune response) and extreme toxicity for routine clinical use in humans. In addition, not all adjuvants are effective for all antigens 28 Feb, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-103.php With increased globalization, the international boundaries between countries are diminished. Number of worldwide activities such as tourism, expansion of industry to multinational level, migrant employment, civilized efforts, international education etc. have been greater than before. The number of international tourists has grown up by an average 5% a year since 2010 with around 517 million international tourists across globe between January and June 2014 [1] 02 Feb, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-102.php While the advanced use of effective vaccines has had an extraordinary impact on global health, there remain many diseases for which vaccines are not available. The concept of therapeutic infection vaccines is based on the activation of the immune system against infection after the presentation of microbes' antigens to provide long-term protection against an infection 03 Jan, 2015 https://www.healthdisgroup.us/Vaccines-Immunology/JVI-1-101.php This paper presents the results of a study of the safety of new vector vaccine against B. abortus based on recombinant influenza A subtype H5N1 or H1N1 (viral constructs vaccine formulation) viruses expressing Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 and Omp16, in cattle. To increase the effectiveness of the vaccine, adjuvants such as Montanide Gel01 or chitosan were included in its composition